職場如戲與角色扮演

伏爾泰

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0

「假象是最上等的愉悅」

Disclaimer:

The following contains material that may be disturbing to some viewers. Viewer discretion is advised.

謊言

1.事故可以預防(有決心與 commitment就能阻止事故發生)

主管與領導在公開場合必須宣誓與展現決心，然而正因為事故預防不了，所以相關職務從業人員才有飯吃與存在價值。

20180427 勞動部召開「高風險企業CEO工安領導高峰會」，中油董事長戴謙等60家企業代表，現場簽署承諾提升整體工安，保障作業勞工安全。勞動部長許銘春點名中油、台電，並向所有企業強調三遍：「有工安，企業才能永續發展！」國營事業負責人一字排開，宣誓扮演工安領頭羊。召開工安領導高峰會，由部長許銘春親自主持。

https://udn.com/news/story/7238/3110632

本週華航機師霸工部長心苦了

職業災害勞工保護法

https://laws.mol.gov.tw/FLAW/FLAWDAT0201.aspx?lsid=FL015056

39條  政府應建立工殤紀念碑，定每年四月二十八日為工殤日，推動勞工安全衛生教育。

工安大誓師的隔天，20180428 敬鵬火災

https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20180502soc003/

2.老闆重視安全與風險管理

老闆通常重視$>>安全，而且性格通常積極以冒險犯難、化不可能為可能。

老闆太忙、不懂(或不想花心思)，常常就把自己的accountability outsourcing..

如果誠實說：老闆不重視，大家(包含底下的工作夥伴)會更不重視(到時候會更難推動相關業務、說服大家重視)

對於承擔績效壓力的高階主管而言，安全最好動口不動手(只能說不能做)

(外行)顧問與(看不開)從業人員腦中的想像與心智概念如下

一家公司或企業之所以卓越或失敗，是許多因素演化的結果，不是一時一刻意非單一領導人英明或造業作孽

3.法規是基本要求(大家要重視與一定要做到)

大家是否守法取決其他人是否守法，況且政府訂了很多不食人間煙火與奇怪的法條，很多時候大家搞不清楚、也不知道該如何遵守；而且多數時候政府官員自己都做不到也沒來稽查
(電視新聞傳遞的資訊往往是：法律如同紅綠燈=>參考用&法律為政治服務….)

其實法律如同紅綠燈，可謂是一種參考標準
在官員或領導眼中，法律不過是一種(牧羊的)工具，可以為善也可以為惡

法律這工具有如雙面刃與不是免費的午餐=>規定制訂下去，總要付出代價與成本，只是端看出嘴/出主意的立法委員與官員有沒有那個慧眼能夠認清納成本與代價。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

事實

1.標語口號無效

如同開會讓(無能的)人有做事的錯覺

貼標語與各種組織行為安全儀式也讓人感覺完成了一個管理風險的動作
不是

這些標語或口號有助於減少降低事故的或然率

而是

出事之後，這些標語與口號如同宗教儀式般，可以安撫人心

2.管理系統不是萬靈丹 (管理系統可比喻為是個大雜燴的菜尾湯)

從學術期刊與研究看職安衛管理系統的藥效

Academic Perspective- the effectiveness of OSHMS(OHSAS18001) on Safety Performance

OHSAS 18001 certification and operating performance: The role of complexity and coupling

Journal of Operations Management Volume 32, Issue 5, July 2014, Pages 268-280

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272696314000345

Based on a sample of 211 U.S. listed manufacturing firms with OHSAS 18001 certification, we find that certification leads to significant increases in abnormal performance on safety, sales growth, labor productivity, and profitability and that these benefits increase as complexity and coupling increase.

規模越大越複雜的公司導入認證越能發揮綜效

Safety climate in OHSAS 18001-certified organisations: Antecedents and consequences of safety behaviour

Accident Analysis & Prevention Volume 45, March 2012, Pages 745-758

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457511002892

Authors carry out an empirical study using a sample of 131 OHSAS 18001-certified organisations located in Spain. The results show that management's commitment, and particularly communication, have an effect on safety behaviour and on safety performance, employee satisfaction, and firm competitiveness.

Factors Influencing Implementation of OHSAS 18001 in Indian Construction Organizations: Interpretive Structural Modeling Approach

Safety and Health at Work, Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 200-205

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791115000311

Management commitment has the maximum driving power and the most influential factor is safety policy, which states clearly the commitment of top management towards occupational safety and health.

Factors that influence the maintenance and improvement of OHSAS 18001 in adopting companies: A qualitative study

Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 137, 20 November 2016, Pages 283-290

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652616309830

Sixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with the managers. A qualitative study design using a grounded theory approach was used to analyze the gathered data. Eleven categories emerged to explain the influencing factors that hinder or facilitate the effectiveness of the standard in the companies: (1) management commitment; (2) safety communication; (3) employee involvement; (4) integration; (5) training; (6) safety culture; (7) internal incentives; (8) enforcement; (9) occupational health and safety authority' support, (10) auditing, and (11) external incentives.

組織文化是管理系統的底子，組織文化的底子好(11項構面)，管理系統才會有效

OHSAS無效

OHSAS 18001 certification and work accidents: Shedding Light on the connection

Journal of Safety Research, In press, uncorrected proof, Available online 29 November 2018 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437518303657

The article analyzes the link between OHSAS 18001 and working accidents.5147 Spanish firms with and without OHSAS 18001 certification are analyzed. OHSAS 18001 certification is not related with better safety performance. Higher propensity for certification in sectors with more accidents is evidenced.（導入職安衛管理系統的公司沒有比較低事故率rate of accidents at work，那些發生較多事故的產業才會想要導入與取得管理系統認證）

Evaluating effectiveness of OHSAS 18001 on safety performance in manufacturing companies in Iran

Safety Science, Volume 112, February 2019, Pages 206-212

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753517316089

The present study was conducted in three OHSAS 18001-certified and three control manufacturing companies to evaluate the effectiveness of OHSAS 18001 on the improvement of safety performance indicators of occupational injury rate (OIR), safety climate, occupational health and safety (OHS) practices. The results did not indicate a significant effect of OHSAS 18001 certification on the OIR and safety climate level has not improved 4–9 years after certification. The certified companies had better OHS activity rates compared with the control companies.(導入管理系統對於職災率與安全文化沒有顯著影響，充其量有比較多的安衛活動- better OHS activity rates) It can be concluded that having an OHSAS 18001 certification cannot be a guarantee for achieving a good performance on safety.

OHSAS有效

An assessment of the OHSAS 18001 certification process: Objective drivers and consequences on safety performance and labour productivity

Safety Science Volume 60, December 2013, Pages 47-56

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753513001409

For the empirical application we use a unique dataset of 149 Spanish firms for the period 2006–2009. The results reveal that objective safety variables explain the probability to adopt the OHSAS 18001; and that performance improvements follow the adoption of this safety system. In addition, the empirical findings tend to give ammunition to the argument that safety systems are worthwhile investments with strategic implications, as the experience on safety management may become a critical tool that can significantly improve safety and operating performance.（管理系統有效的關鍵在於提升安全方面的經驗與知識）

Analysis of the relationship between the adoption of the OHSAS 18001 and business performance in different organizational contexts

Safety Science, Volume 103, March 2018, Pages 12-22

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753516306567

The adoption of the OHSAS 18001 is strongly explained by accidents at the workplace. In the short-term, work accident rates decrease after the adoption of the OHSAS 18001. Safety experience linked to the OHSAS 18001 improves safety and operational performance in the long-term. 這篇是「An assessment of the OHSAS 18001 certification process: Objective drivers and consequences on safety performance and labour productivity 」的延續

How to successfully implement OHSAS 18001: The Italian case

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries Volume 44, November 2016, Pages 31-43

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095042301630211X

Decisional factors are fundamental for successful implementation of the OHSAS-18001 standard.(老板一聲令下就可以導入..) Interest of companies in reducing their social responsibility by implementing the OHSAS 18001 standard.

Increase in bureaucracy, lack of specialized personnel and high certification costs are the main failure factors.(如何把管理系統搞砸：繁複的文書、沒有專人負責與高昂的認證成本)

A study on the impact of management system certification on safety management

Safety Science Volume 49, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 498-507

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753510002766

“Enforcement of safety rules and procedures” is found to be the common predictor. “Enforcement of safety rules and procedures” is found to be the common predictor.]

獎懲規定是主要因素(在印度)

專輯Safety Science Special Issue in 2011

Occupational Health and Safety Management, issues and challenges

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/safety-science/vol/49/issue/7

Regulatory risk control through mandatory occupational safety and health (OSH) certification and testing regimes (CTRs)

Safety Science Volume 49, Issue 7, August 2011, Pages 995-1006

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753510002857

Policy expectations and the use of market mechanisms for regulatory OSH certification and testing regimes

Safety Science Volume 49, Issue 7, August 2011, Pages 1007-1013

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753510002845

Governments strive increasingly to reduce the ‘burden of legislation’ by shifting responsibilities to private institutions, thereby making use of ‘the market’ as regulating mechanism, and striving to base the relationship with industries on trust, rather then stringent enforcement. This makes mandatory certification and testing arrangements in occupational safety and health (OSH) an attractive alternative for traditional legislation and enforcement.

Market interests may prevail over the OSH aspect, and the conditions for good market functioning (a well-functioning supply and demand side, independency of the agents, informedness and transparency of the agents, and the added-value of the certificate expressed in the price), are not always met. The results show that policy makers are often too optimistic in their assumptions about the functioning of the market mechanisms in mandatory certification and testing.

There seems to be a need for a second generation of mandatory certification arrangements, whereby the limitations of the market regulation are recognised, and the consequences are digested.

政府可以用(外包的)管理系統認證機制來取代傳統的稽查嗎？答案是不行

  

3.立法、執法與修法的系統性生態與心態

中央主管機關
意圖訂出面面俱到、環環相扣(母法link子法，子法link各項指引與計畫表單)
主要利害關係者是立法委員(法規可不可行不是考慮重點)，要滿足(沒有水準與專業知識)委員的各種期待與願望。

重點在於：

• 1.說服(外行)立委-此一法規的重要性與修法之後的”進步”
• 2.法規可不可行與執法成本不是考慮重點(由業主與地方主管機關承擔執法成本與業務過失的風險)
• 3掌握平台(資料庫=制高點=>統計報表=機關績效)與經費(來源/分配權，接下來外包給NGO即可，裡面有退休的學長高級打工仔可以代勞）
• 4.美其名是整合(各平行單位與部會)，實際上平行機關各自為本位關間的溝通與整合始終不良導致疊床架屋與不知道可不可行
• 5.中央精英官僚的觀念是由上而下的計劃經濟，計畫與法規訂越多/越常修改=這項業務越進步=主管機關越有績效(然而法規只增加不減少，其實是虛耗國家與社會資源)

地方主管機關

1.一切依法辦理(依主管機關訂定出的法規與各項辦法指引)

2.外包就對了

• 有錢好辦事，執行稽查與審查外包給顧問公司或相關NGO；
• 外包=防火牆，有利於防範責任上身
• 窒礙難行的問題轉嫁給顧問公司(立意良好與嚴謹的法規隨著中央到地方，地方轉給顧問公司而走鐘)

3.行政裁量權=試水溫、摸著石頭過河與因應反彈的安全餘裕

• 業者不懂法規稽查被罰，然後業者透過管道通知民代伸冤，民代告縣市首長，縣市首長再請局處首長處理…
• 行政裁量權用得好=>皆大歡喜；用得不好=>兩敗俱傷
• 第一線承辦人員活在業務過失的陰影下

事業單位、業者

1.法規抓大放小=>事業單位多，官方稽查人力與資源少=>混水好摸魚

2.官方稽查外包(不要弄髒自己的手，眼不見為淨)，外包稽查有績效與家數的KPI(抓重點了事=完成了一個稽查的動作)

3.法規講求一體適用=不考慮不同行業特性與公司規模的差異，於是

• 有錢好辦事，請顧問公司/技師事務所出一個公版搞定
• 法規不食人間煙火，認真你就輸了，交差了事比較實在
• 想認真做，跟老闆報告，老闆往往聽不懂(法規的繁文縟節)或common sense直覺法規不合理…
• 等到被稽查開單，老闆更覺得法規不食人間煙火/稽查小題大做，雖然民不與官鬥還是K了人/繳了罰款/做了改善，但起毛雞超不爽
• 資本家老闆與各界友人交流聯誼的時候，一起罵政府與吐苦水，當中有些賢達與人民代表(高級憤青)聽到了，覺得要為民喉舌/替天行道/仗義直言，於是民情民怨傳應到了民選機關首長耳中=>民選政務官指示底下事務官”善用”行政裁量權….

立委

斯斯有兩種，立委也有兩種

• 一種分區立委-要忙選民服務/學經歷兩光=沒有專業
• 另一種是不分區立委，學歷嚇人但沒有待過一天工廠，對於實務運作有些不切實際的想像與期待遑論研究報告與法案review都是靠研究生

撰寫法規的

往往是顧問公司的年輕承辦或學校老師的研究生或助理，

法規草案徵詢的

幾個代表性堪憂的委員，

審查法案的

是外行、沒有專業也沒有呆過一天工廠的立委，

法規的公聽與公告

主管機關宣稱會辦理公聽會後才會正式公告實施，然而通常除了用心的環團，不會有事業單位特別花心思去參與公聽會，公聽會只是個形式，意見表達了大概也不會再去修改

法規的修定(通常是因為出事)：

• 出事的時候，官員指責事業單位與運作人應為能為而不為，
• 民代與媒體記者指責官員應為能為而不為
• 看新聞辦事的檢察官與監委出來辦幾個混吃等(著看別人)死的官員。會不會出事與被起訴，一切要看天意與命運；無怪乎很多官員辦退休走得跟飛的一樣(時間到卻還不走的，往往是眷戀權位與走火入魔的那種...) 
• 倒楣的官員下台(負起政治責任、停損切割)
• 新上任的官員再三把火，把已經很窒礙的法規定得更加走火入魔盡善盡美，以對社會大眾與民意有所交代；完成了一個法規的持續改善與演化。等到國家改朝換代，才有機會砍掉重練與歸零重來

------------------------------------------------------------------------

角色扮演

1.有牌的代書

協助(各相關單位)辦理各項法定計畫、紀錄

把各種官方的規定轉化為廠內的程序書與SOP

難處在於：

• 外部利害關係人希望文件紀錄表單越詳細越好，內部利害關係人希望文件紀錄表單越簡單越好
• 現場人員覺得這些是你的責任，不是他的（要講清楚自己只是代書）；然而領的薪水比(沒有牌的)總務行政人員高，所以老闆期待要比除了要做事(搞paper work)還要擔責任(不然找人來掛牌比較省)
• 要能夠把手弄髒(將心比心、苦民所苦；適應環境一同混水摸魚)

2.政風稽查人員

幫上級與總部看顧好各廠區與那些混水摸魚、偷懶的現場人員；把雞毛當令箭修理現場人員散漫，以呈現自己精實督導的績效。

可以用統計手法把稽核結果包裝的美輪美奐與趨勢良好改善(嚇鼠人)

難處在於：

• 現場人員會反稽核、區域聯防(通報稽查人員來了)
• 有牌的代書(服務導向)與稽查人員(機車導向)兩者的角色扮演相互衝突
• 要能夠適應被人家討厭、甚至樂在其中(打官腔/指責別人，千萬不能將心比心)

3.專業技術顧問

針對各項疑難雜症，要有本事與能耐協助現場人員改善。
然而有本事的人通常有一身傲骨(不隨和)，沒有骨氣或堅持，不會有一身本領或成為某一方面的專家

大數人是馴化的學生(沒有思考能力)、打工仔或是公務人員(上級叫我做什麼就做什麼，沒有跳脫框架思考的能力)

難處在於

• 術業有專攻，專家不是健達奇趣蛋(可以一個東西同時滿足三種願望)，一人不能扮演多重工（e.g., 搞火災爆炸的不懂機器安全，搞機械安全的不懂職業健康與暴露評估）
• 要在很短的時間內贏得信任，贏得信任人家才會把問題與相關資訊告訴你，也才有機會涉入與解決問題，問題解決了才有機會贏得尊敬（專家學者往往活在象牙塔中孤芳自賞/閉門造車，解決不了真實的問題）
• 要擁有技師證照、高考資格/官員經歷、待過聲名顯赫的公司或博士學位，是詐騙讓人信服的敲門磚(人家才會把問題、相關資訊甚至解決方法主動告知，乃至呼喊感恩seafood、讚嘆seafood) 有沒有真實效益或顧問能否做出實質貢獻是一回事，重點是客戶(一定)有了改變與成效(參見顧問成功的祕密一書 https://eshmanager.blogspot.com/2016/07/blog-post.html  )

葉問：「詠春拳只有『三板斧』，『攤』、『膀』、『伏』就夠你受的了！
宮寶森：「習武之人有三個階段：見自己，見天地，見眾生。」