https://reading.supply/@nick/habits-of-mind-and-foundational-concepts-PzlNMf
Habits of Mind and Foundational Concepts
nick barr (nick) / 7-28-2019
Minerva's curriculum is structured around habits of mind and foundational concepts. Habits of mind (H) are cognitive skills that with practice come to be triggered automatically. Foundational concepts (C) are fundamental knowledge that is broadly applicable. Students are ultimately graded on their mastery of the "HC"s.
思考習慣與基本觀念(心法)
I. Thinking critically 批判性思考
A. Evaluating Claims 評估各種論述與主張
- (H) Identify and analyze premises and conclusions. #assertions 辨別與區分前提與結論
- (H) Actively and critically engage with texts and other forms of communication. #critique 主動參與對話與理解文本內容
- (H) Define what information is needed to support an argument. #info needed 找出支持該論述所需或缺乏的資訊
- (H) Distinguish between categories and types of information to determine source quality. #source quality 區分資訊的類別與形式，判別資訊可信度
- (H) Use estimation techniques to determine whether quantitative claims are plausible. #estimation 判斷估計各種量化的論述是否可行、可能實現
- (H) Evaluate whether hypotheses are based on plausible premises or assumptions. #plausibility 評估各種論述背後的假設與前提，以判斷其可行性
- (H) Evaluate whether hypotheses lead to testable predictions. #testability評估論述背後的假設與前提是否可加以驗證
- (C) Identify and analyze pseudoscientific claims. #pseudoscience 鑑別與分析出偽科學的論述
- (C) Distinguish among scientific hypotheses, theories, facts and laws. #epistemology 能夠分辨出科學假說、理論、事實與物理法則
- (C) Evaluate applications of the scientific method. #sci breakdown 評估此一科學方法應用與適用範圍
- (C) Apply and interpret fundamental concepts of probability. #probability 評估或然率
- (C) Apply and interpret conditional probabilities. #conditional prob 評估條件與貝氏機率
- (C) Recognize and analyze sampling from different types of distributions. #sampling 認知與分析推出抽樣偏差
- (H) Use descriptive statistics appropriately. #descriptivestats 正確使用敘述統計
- (C) Apply and interpret effect size. #effectsize 認知與理解影響效力大小
- (C) Apply and interpret confidence intervals. #confidenceintervals認知與理解影響信賴區間
- (C) Apply and interpret measures of correlation; distinguish correlation and causation. #correlation 區分相關性與因果關係
- (C) Apply and interpret regression. #regression 運用回歸
- (C) Recognize when regression to the mean is operating and adjust predictions to take this into account. #regresstomean 運用回歸平均值+調整估計
- (C) Apply and interpret Bayesian statistics for inference and estimation. #bayes 運用貝氏機率進行推論與估計
- (C)Apply and interpret statistical significance. #significance 透過統計顯著性來判斷與分析涵義
B. Analyzing inferences分析推論
- (C) Apply and interpret formal deductive logic. #deduction 分析推演邏輯
- (C) Identify and correct logical fallacies. #fallacies 鑑別與校正邏輯誤謬
- (C) Formulate multiple plausible generalizations from available evidence #induction 透過既有證據來歸内出可能解釋
- (H) Make predictions about short-term versus long-term behaviors #prediction 預測短期與長期的行為
- (C) Identify attentional and perceptual biases that affect what we notice and how we recognize and estimate properties of patterns, and react accordingly. #attention perception biases 辨識與意識到可能影響我們思考判斷的注意力與情感認知偏誤
- (C) Identify biases that affect the limits and fallibility of memory, and react accordingly. #memory bias 辨識與意識到記憶力偏誤
- (C) Identify and minimize bias that results from searching for or interpreting information to confirm preconceptions. #confirmation bias 確認偏誤
- (C) Identify biases that affect inferences drawn from different forms of communication, and react accordingly. #interpretive bias
- (C) Situate a work in its relevant context (eg., historical, disciplinary, cultural). #context 理解該項工作或業務所處的脈絡情境
- (C) Identify, analyze, and organize characteristics to infer or craft possible meanings of a nonfiction work. #nonfiction 鑑別、分析與架構出那些可能影響實質工作的特徵
- (C) Identify, analyze, and organize characteristics to infer possible meanings of fiction or poetry. #fiction poetry鑑別、分析與架構出那些可能影響非實質工作的特徵
- (C) Identify, analyze, and organize characteristics and use them to infer meanings of visual communications. #visual art 找出影響視覺傳達的特徵
- (C) Identify, analyze, and organize characteristics and use them to infer meanings of auditory communications. #music找出影響聽覺傳達的特徵
- (C) Identify, analyze, and organize characteristics to infer possible meanings in a multimedia work. #multimedia 找出影響多媒體
- (H) Describe interactions among events or characteristics at different levels of analysis to generate interpretations of phenomena. #levels of analysis 描述不同階層間的互動用以解釋
- (C) Apply and interpret decompositions of complex systems into constituent parts. #multiple agents拆解複雜系統成為組成零件
- (C) Recognize the role of attractors and sensitivity to varying conditions in the behavior of complex systems. #system dynamics 對於系統的運作敏感
- (C) Identify emergent properties of complex systems and react accordingly. #emergent properties
- (C) Identify ways that multiple causes interact to produce complex effects. #multiple causes
- (C) Identify primary, secondary, and further effects in networks, including social networks. #networks
C. Weighing decisions 決策分析
- (H) Identify and evaluate underlying goals and the values on which they are based, as well as the guiding principles that determine how an individual or group will try to attain these goals. #purpose 鑑別分析個體與群體的目標、價值與可能行動的落差
- (H) Recognize and evaluate foundational commitments. #first principles
- (H) Consider different types of future costs and benefits for all stakeholders #utility 對於不同利害關係人的效用
- (H) Identify ways that incentives affect decisions. #payoffs鑑別影響決策的相關誘因
- (H) Identify and analyze the effects of sunk costs in decision making. #sunk cost 沉沒成本
- (H) Identify and analyze the effects of temporal discounting in decision making. #discounting 分析折扣的影響
- (C) Identify and analyze the effects of risk versus uncertainty. (C) #risk 分析風險與不確定的影響
- (H) Consider multiple choices simultaneously when making decisions. #broad framing 用多重選擇來取代Yes or No
- (H) Apply and interpret decision trees to explore the consequences of alternative choices. #decision trees 決策樹
- (H) Apply heuristics to make and implement decisions efficiently. #efficient heuristics 快思
- (C) Identify decision biases that arise from emotional states. #emotional bias 鑑別出個人情緒對於決策的影響
D. Analyzing problems分析問題
- (C) Identify gaps (in knowledge, in market offerings, in a range of ideas, etc.) that reveal where a creative solution is required. #gap analysis 應然與實然分析
- (H)Characterize the nature of the problem. #right problem 掌握問題的本質
- (H)Organize problems into tractable components and design solutions. #break it down 拆解問題
- (H)Identify and analyze variables and parameters of a problem. #variables 鑑別與分析出問題相關的參數
- (C)Apply and evaluate game-theoretic models. #game theory引入賽局理論思考架構
II. Thinking creatively 創意思考
A. Facilitating discovery 發明發現的發想
- (C)Evaluate the link between initial data collection and subsequent hypothesis-driven research. #hypothesis driven
- (C)Evaluate the link between theories and the design of studies. #theory testing
- (C)Recognize how models can be used to explain a set of data and generate new predictions. #model types
- (C)Interpret, analyze, and create data visualizations. #dataviz 資料分析視覺化
- (C) Apply and interpret principles of experimental design. #experimental design 實驗設計
- (C)Design and interpret observational studies. #observation
- (C)Design and interpret primary research performed as interviews or surveys (individually or in groups). #interview
- (C)Design and interpret case studies. #case study
- (C)Evaluate and incorporate replicability in empirical study designs. #replication
- (C)Identify and evaluate appropriate controls for empirical study designs. #control
B. Solving problems
- (C)Use analogies in problem solving appropriately. #analogies
- (C)Identify and apply constraint satisfaction as a way to solve problems. #constraints
- (C)Evaluate and apply optimization techniques appropriately. #optimization
- (H) Apply heuristics to transition from one subproblem to the next. #problem heuristics
- (H)Apply “contrarian thinking” to devise new strategies. #contrarian 逆向思考
- (C)Apply algorithmic strategies to solve real-world problems. #algorithms
- (C) Apply and interpret simulation modeling to test a range of scenarios. #simulation
- (C)Identify biases that result from availability, representativeness, and other problem-solving heuristics and learn to correct errors. #heuristic bias
- (H)Apply effective strategies to teach yourself specific types of material #self learning
C. Creating products, processes, and services
- (H)Apply iterative design thinking to conceive and refine products or solutions. #design thinking
- (H) Apply heuristics to find creative solutions to problems and to formulate new products and processes. #creative heuristics
- (H)Given a solution to a particular problem, use reverse engineering to abstract key elements that can be applied to solve other problems. #abstraction
III. Communicating effectively
A. Using language effectively
- (H)Formulate a well-defined thesis. #thesis
- (H)Effectively organize communications. #organization
- (H)Communicate with a clear and precise style. #composition
- (H)Follow established guidelines to present communications professionally. #presentation
- (H) Understand and use connotations, tone, and style. #connotation
- (H)Tailor oral and written work for the context and the audience. #audience
B. Using nonverbal communication effectively
- (H)Interpret facial expressions. #facial expression
- (H)Interpret and use body language. #body language
- (H) Apply principles of perception and cognition in oral and multimedia presentations and in design. #communication design
IV. Interacting Effectively
A. Negotiating, mediating, and persuading
- (H)Mediate disagreements. #mediate
- (H) Use a structured approach to negotiation to reach desired objectives. #negotiate
- (H) Prepare multidimensional best alternatives to a negotiated agreement (BATNAs). #batna
- (H)Evaluate the effectiveness of counterarguments by considering emotional, logical, personal, and other factors. #counterargument
- (H) Recognize strengths and weaknesses in both your and your opponent’s strategies. #debate strategy
- (H) Identify and analyze common ground to determine what you can concede, and react accordingly. #common ground
B. Working effectively with others
- (H)Apply principles of effective leadership. #lead principles
- (H) Learn to assign team roles appropriately, which requires being sensitive to the nature of the task and the nature of specific types of roles. #team roles
- (H)Influence group interactions by exerting different types of power. #power dynamics
- (C)Identify and analyze how reinforcement and punishment alter behavior. #carrot and stick
- (H) Mitigate the role of conformity in group settings. #conformity
- (H) Recognize and leverage people’s different skills, abilities, traits, attitudes and beliefs. #differences
- (C) Understand the impact of organizational structure on individual performance and collaborative projects. #org structure
- (H)Listen well and be open-minded. #open mind
- (C)Monitor yourself to “know what you don’t know.” #meta knowledge
- (C)Identify your strengths and weaknesses, exercise humility, and mitigate behaviors and habits that result in overconfidence or impair effective performance. #self awareness
- (H)Use emotional intelligence to interact effectively. #emotional IQ
C. Resolving ethical problems and having social consciousness
- (C) Identify ethical problems, framing them in a way that will help resolve them. #ethical framing
- (C) Resolve conflicts between ethical principles by using the context to prioritize. #ethical conflicts
- (C) Recognize and work to mitigate unfair practices. #fairness
- (H)Follow through on commitments, be proactive, and take responsibility. #responsibility
(via Building the Intentional University: Minerva and the Future of Higher Education)
從Minerva大學的角度看，大學該學與因應未來的重點是
1.批判性思考(不要人云亦云)，這其實很難，幾乎可謂就是博班的訓練，很多大學教授其實不過只是訓練有素的狗；背後要統計與邏輯思維+意識到各種思考偏誤與邏輯誤謬
2.創意發想與問題分析
3.有效溝通(用字遣詞、概念與邏輯表達都要清晰)
4.談判協商與他人有效互動(具備大局觀)
https://readingoutpost.com/minerva-university/
摘錄
一、批判思考：為了有效溝通而非贏得爭論
在密涅瓦大學的教育中，批判思考被賦予了不同於傳統的意義。
李佳達解釋道：「批判思考的重點不在於贏得爭論，而是為了更好地溝通和深入理解對方的觀點。」批判思考的目標是幫助學生深入剖析每個觀點背後的邏輯，並找出可能的誤解和盲點，從而促進更有效的溝通。
二、問題解決：先學問問題，再找解決方法
李佳達在訪談中強調，密涅瓦大學非常注重如何正確地「問問題」。
他提到，在大多數會議中，很多人只會直接跳到解決方案，而忽略了對問題本身的理解和定義。密涅瓦大學的課程中，學生被教導要先學會如何正確地定義問題，這是一個非常重要的步驟。
在密涅瓦的思考習慣架構中，問題解決被分為兩個主要部分：首先是透過批判思考來將問題定義清楚，確保對問題的理解沒有偏差；然後才是使用創意思考工具箱中的 9 個思考習慣來「想解方」。
這些工具箱中的思考習慣，幫助學生能夠從不同的角度來看待問題，並創造出多樣化的解決方案。
三、複雜系統：如何培養全局觀？
密涅瓦大學強調培養學生的「全局觀」，也就是理解系統中各個部分之間的相互影響和連結。
一般我們在談到「複雜」兩個字的時候，可能會聯想到兩個相似的英文字：complicated 和 complex 。
李佳達在訪談時，詳細指出了這兩用詞的差異。傳統的「complicated system」是由許多零件組成，這些零件之間的因果關係是線性的且可以預測的，例如車子或飛機的引擎。
而「complex system」則涉及到每個部分之間的互動，具有牽一髮而動全身的特性，例如人體的消化系統，牙齒的問題會影響後續的消化過程，甚至進而影響整體的健康。
在密涅瓦，學生們學習如何用「系統描繪」(System Mapping) 來理解這些複雜系統，透過在白板上將各個變量和元素「視覺化」，以便找出如何介入和改變系統的最佳方式。
李佳達還提到，學習系統思考的目的是讓學生能夠看到事物的全貌，並辨別系統中各成員之間的關係，這樣才能找到影響整個系統的有效切入點。
四、決策思維：目標、槓桿與數據的三齒輪模型
關於「決策思維」的核心，就是運用我們學到的思考習慣來做出更明智的決策。
李佳達形容決策思維是所有思考習慣的綜合運用，是在學會批判思考、創意思考、有效溝通和有效互動之後，如何將這些能力應用在具體的決策場景中。
書中提到，做出一個好的決策需要考慮三個關鍵環節：目標、槓桿和數據。
「做決策」和「學習」也有很大的關聯，因為學習任何事物的關鍵就是：怎麼讓你所學的「數據」，在你的決策系統中，跟你想達成的「目標」和能用的「槓桿」產生關係並影響你的決策。
To Buy and Read
全球人才搶著學！密涅瓦的思考習慣訓練
目錄
第二章 批判思考
- 不知道象的全貌，就派更多人來摸
- 批判思考的目的，在促進更深刻的對話
- 除了批判，更重要的是換位思考聚焦問題點
- 自己派出更多耳目，把象的全貌摸出來
- 批判，是為了保持彈性
- 利用思考框架減少認知偏誤
- 是不想、不能，還是不會？
第三章 問題解決
- 分清障礙或限制
- 用結構化的思考習慣，複製你的成功
- 劃清限制，再動手清理障礙
- 將問題拆解到最小單位再來面對
- 為自己備一套創意解方工具箱
第四章 複雜系統
- 觀全局也觀自己的多層次分析
- 你在找「問題點」，還是「臨界點」？
- 抗干擾能力： 系統發生改變的邊界
- 為什麼身邊的關係總是在惡性循環？
- 從複雜系統中養成全局觀
- 行為作為一種複雜系統
- 關係作為一種複雜系統
- 一切都是因
- 這世界雖然複雜，但我們還是可以試著理解
- 利用相空間來理解複雜系統
第五章 決策思維
- 演算法：目標、槓桿、數據緊密咬合的決策齒輪
- 「我覺得」是應對未知最危險的演算法
- 開啟數據分析與反事實之眼
- 學習數據分析的過程顛覆過去的決策思維
- 你以為的因果關係不是因果關係
- 因果推論的基本問題
- 看不見的缺失資料高達一半
- 「看」到反事實的方法
- 看不見的反事實：「如果……會怎樣？」
- 結合決策樹與效用值，讓決策過程簡化也更有力量
https://hahow.in/courses/66d5ef0800abb5920b686d7e?auth_dialog=singUp
課程架構
2 結構性問題解決：建立應對未知的腦內參謀團
- 單元 1 - #問對問題：問題不是一個「東西」，而是不同要素的組合
- 單元 2 - #限制條件：隱藏之手效應，從限制創造最佳解決方案
- 單元 3 - #問對問題 x #限制條件：思考習慣組合技，快速釐清是否掌握問題根因
- 單元 4 - #拆解問題：分解複雜問題的 3+N 種拆解方法
- 單元 5 - #變量 1：驗證因果性的五大變量，提升可預測性
- 單元 6 - #變量 2：變量的時間切片 (流量與存量)
- 單元 7 - #目的：目標與使命：如何將價值觀轉化為行動方案
- 單元 8 - #效用：先量化你想要的，才能最大化你能得到的
- 單元 9 - #制訂策略：從診斷到解決，策略制訂的核心要素
3 批判思考：拆解複雜現實的解剖刀
- 單元 1 - QALMRI 方法：戴上福爾摩斯的眼鏡，解剖複雜性
- 單元 2 - #演繹：用推理邏輯構築不可動搖的結論
- 單元 3 - #歸納：從細節看大局，幫你發現隱藏的規律
- 單元 4 - #建立假說：假說的力量，推測與驗證之間的科學橋樑
- 單元 5 - #偏誤檢驗：解密偏誤：如何識別和避免認知陷阱
- 單元 6 - #合理性：沒說出來的才是重點，看見話術背後的邏輯
- 單元 7 - #可驗證性：驗證與預測，打造無懈可擊的假說
- 單元 8 - #估計：掌握先機，在複雜情況下做出合理的猜測
4 深度人際互動：AI 時代你和別人最大的差異所在
- 單元 1 - 翻車的創業家：任何時代最重要的變數都是「人」
- 單元 2 - ＃溝通設計：怎麼說才有效，設計你的訊息傳遞方式
- 單元 3 - # 創造參與：激發參與感：讓每個人都成為學習過程的一部分
- 單元 4 - # 道德勇氣：每個決定背後你會付出多少代價？你的底線在哪裡？
- 單元 5 - # 形塑行為：影響行為的藝術：如何改變他人的決策
- 單元 6 - ＃權力動態：理解權力：如何利用權力動態影響局勢
- 單元 7 - ＃個體差異：AI 時代的致勝關鍵，理解和回應每個人的獨特之處
- 單元 8 - # 一致性：你被哪些東西制約了？在順從與創新之間找到平衡
- 單元 9 - # 自我覺察：世界越快心則慢，如何保持對自己的清醒認識
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